Share
Corruption Is The Buzz Word in Real Estate
Real estate is synonymous with black money
Mrs. XYZ is livid. Her builder has asked her to make illegal payments to seal her Rs 40 lakh flat purchase in Navi Mumbai. The 32-year-old IT professional, who has never given or taken a bribe, has to pay Rs 2 lakh for water and electricity connections, even though these are her entitlements.
And an equal amount for a parking slot, even though the Bombay High Court disallows the sale of common area. All in cash. All illegal. Her builder says he is helpless. He says he has to pay off officials in government agencies to finish the project and he has to stay on the right side of local politicians.
He offers to help her save . 50,000 in stamp duty on registration by reducing Rs 6 lakh from her listed cost price. But then, Mrs. XYZ will have to pay Rs 6 lakh more in cash. Again illegal. Mrs. XYZ represents a typical flat buyer in India. Her income is all 'white' , but she is sucked into the 'black economy' . This has gone on for so long and it's ingrained so deep that it's become an accepted way of working for builders, brokers and even buyers. According to a survey by consultancy firm KPMG, 32% of respondents voted real estate as the most corrupt sector in India.
Niranjan Hiranandani, co-founder and managing director of the Hiranandani Group, agrees. "Corruption is the highest in real estate and the government is aware of that," he says.
"The process that asks a builder to take approvals from different agencies gives birth to corruption," adds Deepak Parekh, chairman of HDFC, the country's largest housing finance company. "Every stage involves malpractice."
THE CYCLE OF CORRUPTION
For instance, in Maharashtra, the country's largest real estate market, a builder needs about 60 approvals to construct a property . About 50 are from the municipal corporation. "These clearances should not take more than three months," says Kumar Gera, chairman and managing director of Pune-based Gera Developments .
"But in most states, it takes anywhere between one year and four years. And they add 20-30 % to a builder's project cost." Builders pass it on to consumers , and extend the circle of corruption and cash. "Builders don't just pass it on," says a regional MD of a real estate consultancy, not wanting to be identified.
"They often add to it big time--for example, how they account for payments to suppliers-to dodge taxes and siphon off cash. Such payments and accounting tricks are a greater malaise." This intricate cycle has become the standard in the sector. And it has spawned a way of doing business where everything is distorted : how builders price their projects, how they recognise revenues , how they pay their suppliers , how they value their land holdings, how they use their bank loans... Footprints of the sector participants can be found in indecorous. For example, in the 2G telecom case, real estate companies - Unitech and DB Realty - are alleged to be at the epicentre of both cases in which the accused are in jail. Similarly, most of the clients of Rajesh Sharma, the disgraced founder-chairman of Money Matters, a loan broker, were builders.
In November 2010, Sharma was charged with bribing officials of public sector banks and financial companies to sanction loans for his clients. Other parts of the economy engage with the sector, but with fear and doubt. Banks, for example, can't ignore it because of the sheer volume of capital it consumes-at . 468,000 crore, bank loans to real estate companies and housing loans accounted for 12.5% of bank credit outstanding on March 2011.
It's why, in every credit policy in an expanding economy, the regulator asks banks to provide a greater buffer for their real estate loans. Despite such oversight, real estate has a tendency to over-borrow and put the economy at risk. It is prolific at extracting tax and accounting concessions. It is not accountable to consumers-it still doesn't have a regulator. It is synonymous with black money. No other sector gets away with as much as real estate, simply because of the corruption that links every part of its chain.
Corruption in real estate starts with land. "Land is abundant," says the 2010-11 Economic Survey . "It is accessible land that is scarce." Politicians are a big reason why urban land is scarce. "People with political connections hoard large tracts," says AN Sachithanandan, dean of the Chennai-based Measi Academy of Architecture. "Then, for example, they prevent the extension of city limits to push up prices."
THE CORRUPTION IN LAND
"Once land is overpriced, it leads to all types of corruption," adds PA Ananthanarayanan, CEO of Universal Dwellings, a start-up realty firm with a focus on the entry segment in residential. Land overpricing begins at its very purchase. There are three ways to buy land: from a private party, or from the government through allotment and through auctions.
At the time of purchase , corruption creeps into the second and third methods. Land comes under the purview of local authorities. Most of it adjoining urban centres comes under the village panchayat, which is controlled by local politicians. And they have a deep interest in land affairs, as a Chennai-based marketing professional, who did not want to be named, found out. This professional wanted to develop a few flats on the outskirts of Chennai along the Old Mahabalipuram Road. The charge for converting six grounds (14,400 sq ft) of agricultural land into commercial land was Rs 2 lakh. Local politicians asked for a bribe of Rs 6 lakh. He couldn't show the Rs 6 lakh in his costing for a bank loan, and abandoned the project.
"Builders have inside information on critical infrastructure projects," says Sachithanandan. In Navi Mumbai, builders close to a heavyweight politician reportedly bought huge parcels from farmers before it was earmarked as the site for an international airport. Some have since sold that land at a multiple or exchanged it for prime land in the city. Politicians also help builders obtain land and use their clout to convert farmlands for development.
"Once conversion from agricultural to urban use is permitted-a difficult regulatory process - land prices can jump 20-fold ," says the 2010-11 Economic Survey. A Pune-based developer, speaking on condition of anonymity, cites the example of a builder with strong political connections who bought land in a green zone in Pune at throwaway prices and has since built a five-star hotel there.
"I have seen roads being realigned to suit a politician," he adds. The influence of politicians even extends to auctions. For example , in several recent Mumbai auctions, the amount of construction allowed by the law did not justify the exorbitant bids. The probable justification came later, when the state government allowed the winning companies to construct more, which suggested buyers knew this approval would come.
THE CORRUPTION IN APPROVALS
Builders would like to construct the maximum possible, especially if they have acquired land at high prices, which is mostly the case in urban areas. But the rules place limits on construction. The floor space index (FSI) is the measure of how much a builder can construct on a plot of land. For example, if the FSI is 2, on 2,000 sq ft of land, the developer can build only 4,000 sq ft.
Many factors determine the FSI of a building, including its location , the infrastructure around it, and whether it is meant for residential or commercial use. As a rule of thumb, the further a piece of land from the city airport, the better the infrastructure (roads, sewage, power and parking) around it, the greater the construction allowed. The definition is open to interpretation-and revision.
"There is an opaque mechanism of awarding FSI to different parts of the same city, giving birth to corruption," says Raja Kaushal, managing director of BNP Paribas Real Estate and Infrastructure Advisory Services. "It's absolutely flexible in Mumbai , depending on the clout of the developer," adds a merchant banker who has managed several share listings of large builders. After FSI, a builder needs 50-60 approvals from various government authorities. Builders say corruption is rampant. "Each officer draws his own interpretation and it's a battle to get the file moving," says a Delhi-based real estate developer.
"Corruption aside, the quality of people evaluating plans designed by professionals is very low," adds Vijay Sohani, president of the Council of Architecture. "It's like asking a fifth standard pass to evaluate a BCom paper."
Even the regulations leave much to interpretation, leading to the strange situation of state agencies contradicting each other . In Bangalore, different local authorities use four definitions of built-up area. "They (local authorities ) know it well. It suits them to have confusion," adds Sachithanandan.
Mrs. XYZ is livid. Her builder has asked her to make illegal payments to seal her Rs 40 lakh flat purchase in Navi Mumbai. The 32-year-old IT professional, who has never given or taken a bribe, has to pay Rs 2 lakh for water and electricity connections, even though these are her entitlements.
And an equal amount for a parking slot, even though the Bombay High Court disallows the sale of common area. All in cash. All illegal. Her builder says he is helpless. He says he has to pay off officials in government agencies to finish the project and he has to stay on the right side of local politicians.
He offers to help her save . 50,000 in stamp duty on registration by reducing Rs 6 lakh from her listed cost price. But then, Mrs. XYZ will have to pay Rs 6 lakh more in cash. Again illegal. Mrs. XYZ represents a typical flat buyer in India. Her income is all 'white' , but she is sucked into the 'black economy' . This has gone on for so long and it's ingrained so deep that it's become an accepted way of working for builders, brokers and even buyers. According to a survey by consultancy firm KPMG, 32% of respondents voted real estate as the most corrupt sector in India.
Niranjan Hiranandani, co-founder and managing director of the Hiranandani Group, agrees. "Corruption is the highest in real estate and the government is aware of that," he says.
"The process that asks a builder to take approvals from different agencies gives birth to corruption," adds Deepak Parekh, chairman of HDFC, the country's largest housing finance company. "Every stage involves malpractice."
THE CYCLE OF CORRUPTION
For instance, in Maharashtra, the country's largest real estate market, a builder needs about 60 approvals to construct a property . About 50 are from the municipal corporation. "These clearances should not take more than three months," says Kumar Gera, chairman and managing director of Pune-based Gera Developments .
"But in most states, it takes anywhere between one year and four years. And they add 20-30 % to a builder's project cost." Builders pass it on to consumers , and extend the circle of corruption and cash. "Builders don't just pass it on," says a regional MD of a real estate consultancy, not wanting to be identified.
"They often add to it big time--for example, how they account for payments to suppliers-to dodge taxes and siphon off cash. Such payments and accounting tricks are a greater malaise." This intricate cycle has become the standard in the sector. And it has spawned a way of doing business where everything is distorted : how builders price their projects, how they recognise revenues , how they pay their suppliers , how they value their land holdings, how they use their bank loans... Footprints of the sector participants can be found in indecorous. For example, in the 2G telecom case, real estate companies - Unitech and DB Realty - are alleged to be at the epicentre of both cases in which the accused are in jail. Similarly, most of the clients of Rajesh Sharma, the disgraced founder-chairman of Money Matters, a loan broker, were builders.
In November 2010, Sharma was charged with bribing officials of public sector banks and financial companies to sanction loans for his clients. Other parts of the economy engage with the sector, but with fear and doubt. Banks, for example, can't ignore it because of the sheer volume of capital it consumes-at . 468,000 crore, bank loans to real estate companies and housing loans accounted for 12.5% of bank credit outstanding on March 2011.
It's why, in every credit policy in an expanding economy, the regulator asks banks to provide a greater buffer for their real estate loans. Despite such oversight, real estate has a tendency to over-borrow and put the economy at risk. It is prolific at extracting tax and accounting concessions. It is not accountable to consumers-it still doesn't have a regulator. It is synonymous with black money. No other sector gets away with as much as real estate, simply because of the corruption that links every part of its chain.
Corruption in real estate starts with land. "Land is abundant," says the 2010-11 Economic Survey . "It is accessible land that is scarce." Politicians are a big reason why urban land is scarce. "People with political connections hoard large tracts," says AN Sachithanandan, dean of the Chennai-based Measi Academy of Architecture. "Then, for example, they prevent the extension of city limits to push up prices."
THE CORRUPTION IN LAND
"Once land is overpriced, it leads to all types of corruption," adds PA Ananthanarayanan, CEO of Universal Dwellings, a start-up realty firm with a focus on the entry segment in residential. Land overpricing begins at its very purchase. There are three ways to buy land: from a private party, or from the government through allotment and through auctions.
At the time of purchase , corruption creeps into the second and third methods. Land comes under the purview of local authorities. Most of it adjoining urban centres comes under the village panchayat, which is controlled by local politicians. And they have a deep interest in land affairs, as a Chennai-based marketing professional, who did not want to be named, found out. This professional wanted to develop a few flats on the outskirts of Chennai along the Old Mahabalipuram Road. The charge for converting six grounds (14,400 sq ft) of agricultural land into commercial land was Rs 2 lakh. Local politicians asked for a bribe of Rs 6 lakh. He couldn't show the Rs 6 lakh in his costing for a bank loan, and abandoned the project.
"Builders have inside information on critical infrastructure projects," says Sachithanandan. In Navi Mumbai, builders close to a heavyweight politician reportedly bought huge parcels from farmers before it was earmarked as the site for an international airport. Some have since sold that land at a multiple or exchanged it for prime land in the city. Politicians also help builders obtain land and use their clout to convert farmlands for development.
"Once conversion from agricultural to urban use is permitted-a difficult regulatory process - land prices can jump 20-fold ," says the 2010-11 Economic Survey. A Pune-based developer, speaking on condition of anonymity, cites the example of a builder with strong political connections who bought land in a green zone in Pune at throwaway prices and has since built a five-star hotel there.
"I have seen roads being realigned to suit a politician," he adds. The influence of politicians even extends to auctions. For example , in several recent Mumbai auctions, the amount of construction allowed by the law did not justify the exorbitant bids. The probable justification came later, when the state government allowed the winning companies to construct more, which suggested buyers knew this approval would come.
THE CORRUPTION IN APPROVALS
Builders would like to construct the maximum possible, especially if they have acquired land at high prices, which is mostly the case in urban areas. But the rules place limits on construction. The floor space index (FSI) is the measure of how much a builder can construct on a plot of land. For example, if the FSI is 2, on 2,000 sq ft of land, the developer can build only 4,000 sq ft.
Many factors determine the FSI of a building, including its location , the infrastructure around it, and whether it is meant for residential or commercial use. As a rule of thumb, the further a piece of land from the city airport, the better the infrastructure (roads, sewage, power and parking) around it, the greater the construction allowed. The definition is open to interpretation-and revision.
"There is an opaque mechanism of awarding FSI to different parts of the same city, giving birth to corruption," says Raja Kaushal, managing director of BNP Paribas Real Estate and Infrastructure Advisory Services. "It's absolutely flexible in Mumbai , depending on the clout of the developer," adds a merchant banker who has managed several share listings of large builders. After FSI, a builder needs 50-60 approvals from various government authorities. Builders say corruption is rampant. "Each officer draws his own interpretation and it's a battle to get the file moving," says a Delhi-based real estate developer.
"Corruption aside, the quality of people evaluating plans designed by professionals is very low," adds Vijay Sohani, president of the Council of Architecture. "It's like asking a fifth standard pass to evaluate a BCom paper."
Even the regulations leave much to interpretation, leading to the strange situation of state agencies contradicting each other . In Bangalore, different local authorities use four definitions of built-up area. "They (local authorities ) know it well. It suits them to have confusion," adds Sachithanandan.
Comment